Narrative Using the Hobbit Essay Example for Free

Narrative Using the Hobbit EssayIt was a fine spring morning correspond to Prince Reno of Lorien, who was to set off with his seven most trusted friends-the dwarf brothers Korin and Gorik, the three mighty elf leaders loki,Lorin and Algain and two of the finest Dalish Warriors Phalarix and Cagaris-on a quest. These eight men in concert were very powerful throughout the land, no-one could match their wisdom and might. Prince Renos quest was to avenge his commence death meaning he had to kill the evil beldame Sirenia. He was walking away from his life of luxury and riches in order to do so, also meaning he gave up his right to be crowned king. It took them many days to be in a viewing distance of the Mountains of Lorencia, and at the very heart of the mountain was Sirenias fortress. It would grapple them three days to reach the mountains and another two to get to the fortress so they rested up that night and set off the next morning. both days later it was unfortunate when Lor in died and that they got lost.They buried him and then Reno remembered an enchanted compass he had which would take them on the shortest but most dangerous roadway so they all took a vote and decided to use it. Upon arrival at the mountains they encountered a horrifying and disgusting site of three gigantic hob-goblins protecting the path to Sirenia. As soon as they saw the hob-goblins they attacked and if it werent for Korin sacrificing himself none of them would have survived. Prince Reno knew this might have been the last few days of his life, he knew that two large number had already died throughout this quest and that there may be many deaths to come.As they approached the fortress they found a quick entrance to sneak in through, they crept through the fortress to Sirenias quarters but she knew they were coming and had turned into her demon dragon form but Prince Reno used this to his advantage as he had an enchanted blade covered in the acerbateous blood of the blue and re d fire-snape and started slicing and slashing at Sirenia waiting for the poison to kick in, as he watched his friends die brutally and then it happened, Sirenia dropped dead and Prince Reno knew that it was time to flee, finally being at peace knowing his fathers killer was now dead.

Vulnerability in Cloud Computing Essay Example for Free

Vulnerability in Cloud Computing EssayAbstract Cloud compute has been developed to reduce IT expenses and to provide agile IT services to individual users as well as organizations. It moves computer science and information away from desktop and portable PCs into grown data centers. This technology gives the opportunity for more innovation in lightweight smart devices and it forms an innovative method of performing business. Cloud computing depends on the net profit as a medium for users to access the required services at any time on pay-per-use pattern. However this technology is still in its initial stages of development, as it suffers from threats and vulnerabilities that prevent the users from trusting it. Various be rainy as well, in otherwise words this technology is not trustworthy as it is abnormal with threats and vulnerabilities.We have termed a mottle with threats and vulnerabilities as a stormy cloud. Based on Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) and our research, we have identified top septette threats and vulnerabilities that be the causes behind the creation of a stormy cloud 1. The identified threats and vulnerabilities are ranked from top to bottom as shown in Fig.1. venomous activities from culpable users have threatened this technology such as data misuse, inflexible access control and particular(a) monitoring. The occurrence of these threats whitethorn result into damaging or illegal access of critical and confidential data of users. This research paper describes the characteristics (threats, vulnerabilities) associated with a stormy cloud.Keywords- Illegal access, Threats, VulnerabilitiesI.INTRODUCTIONThe traditional era of computing involves the use of software, ironware and storage to achieve the required computational service whereas cloud computing has isolated the services from resources (networks, storage, servers). The required services are provided to the users by utilizing the resources of supplier. Users are no longer required to purchase computer hardware, software or to manage storages. receivable the evolution of this technology users are required to pay for cloud services on consumption basis. New cloud based business models are being discussed, defined, and implemented as solutions in form of on-demand services that allows businesses to enhance their efficiency and scalability. victory or failure of this technology relies on users trust whether the service provided is reliable, available and proficient.Considering the benefits of cloud computing various organizations are moving towards IT solutions that are based on cloud however, forward starting the journey to cloud, organizations must considers the possible threats and vulnerabilities that whitethorn convert their dreams of enhancing scalability and saving management cost into a nightmare of data outlet and misuse. The users must consider that cloud can Figure 1. Characteristics of stormy cloud.In order to create awareness and prote ct the cloud users from adopting a stormy cloud, we are describing the impacts of threats and vulnerabilities in cloud computing so that organizations or users can adopt this technology with trust and from a trusted provider who has the powerful and trusted security polices as well as efficient techniques for securing the users data on cloud.II.CLOUD COMPUTING THREATSAs we already mentioned, in that location are several significant threats that should be considered before adopting the paradigm of cloud computing, these threats are discribed as follows A. Abuse and Nefarious Use of CloudCloud providers facilitate the users with various types of services including unlimited bandwidth and storage might. well-nigh cloud service providers offer free limited trial periods that gives an opportunity for hackers to access the cloud immorally, their impact includes decoding and cracking of passwords, launching potential aggress points and executing malicious commands. Spammers, malicious code authors and other cybercriminals can conduct their activities with relative impunity, as cloud service providers are targeted for their weak registration brasss and limited fraud detection capabilities. For caseful some cybercriminals use rich content applications such as flash files that enable them to hide their malicious code and implement users browsers to install malware 1.B. Insecure Interfaces and genus ApisCloud users are using software interfaces and APIs to access and manage the cloud services. These APIs need to be secured because they wager an integral part during provisioning, management, orchestration and monitoring of the processes running in a cloud environment. The security and availability of cloud services is helpless upon the security of these APIs so they should include features of authentication, access control, encryption and activity monitoring. APIs must be designed to protect against both accidental and malicious attempts to avoid threats.If clou d service provider relies on weak commit of APIs, variety of security issues pull up stakes be raised related to confidentiality, integrity, availability and dependability such as malicious or unidentified access, API dependencies, limited monitoring/logging capabilities, inflexible access controls, anonymous access, reusable tokens/passwords and improper authorizations1.C.Malicious InsiderInsider attacks can be performed by malicious employees at the providers or users site. Malicious insider can steal the confidential data of cloud users. This threat can fragmentize the trust of cloud users on provider. A malicious insider can easily obtain passwords, cryptographic keys and files. These attacks may involve various types of fraud, damage or thieving of instruction and misuse of IT resources. The threat of malicious attacks has increased due to lack of transparency in cloud providers processes and procedures 2.It means that a provider may not reveal how employees are granted a ccess and how this access is monitored or how reports as well as policy compliances are analyzed. Additionally, users have teeny-weeny visibility about the hiring practices of their provider that could open the door for an adversary, hackers or other cloud intruders to steal confidential information or to take control everyplace the cloud. The level of access granted could enable attackers to collect confidential data or to gain complete control over the cloud services with unretentive or no risk of detection. Malicious insider attacks can damage the fiscal value as well as brand reputation of an organization.D. Virtualized TechnologyDue to the cloud virtualization, cloud providers are residing the users applications on virtual machines (VMs) within a shared infrastructure. The VMs are virtualized based on the physical hardware of cloud provider. In order to main(prenominal)tain the security of users, providers are isolating the VMs from each other so if any of them is malicious , it provide not affect the other VMs under the equal provider. The VMs are managed by hypervisor in order to provide virtual memory as well as CPU scheduling policies to VMs.As the hypervisor is main source of managing a virtualized cloud platform, hackers are targeting it to access the VMs and the physical hardware, because hypervisor resides between VMs and hardware 3, so attack on hypervisor can damage the VMs and hardware. besotted isolation should be employed to ensure that VMs are not able to impact or access the operations of other users running under the same cloud service provider. Several vendors such as Xen and KVM are providing absolute security mechanisms of securing the cloud hypervisors, but still it is identified that sometimes security of VMs is compromised.E. selective information Loss or LeakageData loss can occur due to operational failures, unreliable data storage and inconsistent use of encryption keys. Operational failure refers to deletion or alteration of records without a backup of the original content that can take place intentionally or unintentionally. undependable data storage refers to saving of data on unreliable media that will be unrecoverable if data is lost 4. The inconsistent use of encryption keys will result into loss and unauthorized accesses of data by illegal users that will lead to the destruction of pure and confidential information. Example of data loss is chitter hacks. The online accounts of Twitter accessed by hackers and their numerous sensitive corporate documents were stolen.These documents were housed in Googles online web office service Google Docs. Although Google was not the one to be blamed for security instal as the security of documents from twitter was not efficient enough. Instead, the entire company data was only one password crack away from discovery 5. Its clear from this example that data loss or leakage can damage ones brand, reputation and cause a loss that may significantly impact empl oyee, partner and users morale as well as trust. Loss of core intellectual property can have competitive and financial implications beside the compliance violations and legal consequences.F.Account or Service HijackingAccount or service hijacking refers to unauthorized access gained by attackers to control the users accounts, such as phishing, fraud and exploitation of software vulnerabilities. For example if an attacker gains access to users credentials, they can spy on their activities/transactions, manipulate their data, return falsified information and redirect them to illegitimate sites 6. Users account or service instances may become a new base for the attackers who can leverage the cloud service providers reputation by launching ensuant attacks. With stolen credentials, attackers can often access critical areas of deployed cloud computing services, allowing them to compromise the confidentiality, integrity and availability of those services. Authentication and authorization through the use of roles and password protect is a common way to maintain access control when using web-browsers to access cloud computing systems. However, this method is not sufficient enough to secure sensitive and critical data.G.Unknown Risk ProfileIt is important for the users to know software versions, security practices, code updates and intrusion attempts. While adopting cloud computing services, these features and functionality may be well advertised but what about the details orcompliance ofthe internal security procedures, configuration hardening, patching, auditing and logging. Users must be clarified how and where their data and related logs are stored. However, there is no clear answer that leaves users with an unknown risk profile that may include serious threats 1. the VM within the virtualized cloud environment.VM escape is a vulnerability that enables a guest-level VM to attack its host. Under this vulnerability an attacker runs code on a VM that allows an OS runn ing within it to break out and interact directly with the hypervisor as shown in Fig.2 8.III.CLOUD COMPUTING VULNERABILITIESThere are several significant vulnerabilities that should be considered when an organization is ready to move their critical applications and data to a cloud compuitng environment, these vulnerabilities are discribed as follows A. Session Riding and HijackingSession hijacking refers to use of a valid session key to gain unauthorized access for the information or services residing on a computer system, it also refers to theft of a cookie used to authenticate a user to a aloof server and it is relevant to web application technologies weaknesses in the web application structure at their disposal that gives the chance to hackers in order to accomplish a wide variety of malicious activities. While session riding refers to the hackers direct commands to a web application on behalf of the targeted user by just sending that user an email or tricking the user into vis iting a specially crafted website.Session riding deletes user data, executes online transactions like bids or orders, sends spam to an intranet system via internet and changes system as well as network configurations or even opens the firewall 12. However, the web technologies evolution and refinement also brings new techniques that compromise sensitive data, provide access to theoretically secure networks and pose threats to the daily operation of online businesses.B. Virtual Machine EscapeCloud computing servers use the same OS, go-ahead and web applications as localized VMs and physical servers. The ability for an attacker or malware to remotely exploit vulnerabilities in these systems and applications is a significant threat to virtualized cloud computing environments 7. In addition, co-location of multiple VMs increases the attack surface and risk of VM-to-VM compromise. Intrusion detection and prevention systems need to be able to detect malicious activity at VM level, regard less of the location ofFigure 2. VM Escape.It allows the attacker to access the host OS and all other VMs running on that particular host. Hypervisors and VMs complexity may cause an increase threat to attack surface that weakens security such as paging, check pointing and migration of VMs 8.C. Reliability and Availability of ServiceIn terms of dependability and availability, cloud computing is not a perfect technology. For-example in February 2008, Amazons Web Service (Amazons-S3) cloud storage infrastructure went down for several hours, causing data loss and access issues with multiple Web 2.0 services. With more services being built on top of cloud computing infrastructures, an outage orfailure can create a domino effect by taking down large amounts of lucre based services and applications which raise several questions such as in cases of failure, what forms of colony exist for stakeholders? What is the responsibility of cloud providers? What will be appropriate procedures to overcome these issues? 9.D. Insecure CryptographyAttackers can decode any cryptographic mechanism or algorithm as main methods to hack them are discovered. Its common to find crucial flaws in cryptographic algorithm implementations, which can twist strong encryption into weak encryption or sometimes no encryption at all. For example in cloud virtualization providers uses virtualization software to partition servers into images that are provided to the users as on-demand services 10. Although utilization of those VMs into cloud providers data centres provides more flexible and efficient setup than traditional servers but they dont have enough access to generate ergodic numbers needed to properly encrypt data. This is one of the fundamental problems of cryptography. How do computers produce truly random numbers that cant be guessed or replicated? In PCs, OStypically monitors users mouse movements and key strokes to gather random bits of data that are collected in a so-called Entropy Pool (a set of unpredictable numbers that encryption software automatically pulls to generate random encryption passkeys). In servers, one that dont have access to a keyboard or mouse, random numbers are also pulled from the unpredictable movements of the computers hard drive. VMs that act as physical machines but are simulated with software have fewer sources of entropy. For example Linux-based VMs, gather random numbers only from the exact millisecond time on their internal clocks and that is not enough to generate strong keys for encryption 11.E. Data Protection and PortabilityAlthough the cloud services are offered based on a contract among lymph node and a provider but what will risk when the contract is terminated and client doesnt wants to continue anymore. The question is, will the sensitive data of client be deleted or misused by the provider. secondly if the provider went out of business due to any reason, what will happen to the services and data of the client? Will th e provider handout the data of client to some other provider, if yes, will client trust the new provider? Considering these questions we can say that data protection and portability remains as one of main weaknesses of cloud computing.F. trafficker Lock-inThis vulnerability occurs due to immature providers and new business models which raise the risk of failure and going out of the business. Lock-in, dumbfounds a client dependent on a provider for products and services so they will be unable to deal with another provider without substantial switching costs. Clients must be sure of their potential provider prior to provider selection process. Lack of standards may also lock-in the clients with only one provider. Due to heterogeneous standards and policies settled by each provider, clients are not able to easily migrate from one provider to another even though they want to do so 13.G. Internet DependencyCloud computing is an internet dependent technology where users are accessing th e services via web browser. What if internet is not available or service is down, what will happen to users systems and operations that are very critical and need to run 24 hours such as Healthcare and Banking systems. In some Asian and African underdeveloped countries where service of internet is not considered as reliable enough, will organizations adopt this paradigm to move their significant systems on cloud?IV.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE drawIn this research paper we have discussed the characteristics of a stormy cloud that contains threats and vulnerabilities. Cloud computing has a dynamic nature that is flexible, scalable and multi-shared with high capacity that gives an innovative shape of carrying out business 14. However, beside these benefits there are seven deadly threats and vulnerabilities encountered in this technology. Therefore, we believe there is still tremendous opportunity for researchers to make revolutionary contributions in this field and bring significant impact of their development to the industry. There is need to develop and design in-depth security techniques and policies in terms of people, processes and technology. By considering the contributions from several IT industries worldwide, its obvious that cloud computing will be one of the leading strategic and innovative technologies in the near future.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe glory of accomplishing this research paper goes to our parents for their moral support. We are also thankful to our supervisor for encouraging us to write this research journal. Finally, we are thankful to IJAEST for assisting us to followup this journal and providing us timely response.REFERENCES1CSA, Security Guidance for Critical Areas of Focus in Cloud Computing V2.1 Cloud Security Alliance, 2009, Online, Available https//cloudsecurityalliance.org/topthreats/csathreats.v1.0.pdf, Accessed 08-July-2011. 2E., Mathisen, Security challenges and solutions in cloud computing, in Digital Ecosystems and Technologies Conferen ce (DEST), 2011 Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on, 2011, pp. 208-212.3Wei Chen, Hongyi Lu, Li Shen, Zhiying Wang, Nong Xiao, and Dan Chen, A Novel Hardware Assisted Full Virtualization Technique, in Young Computer Scientists, 2008. ICYCS 2008. The 9th International Conference for, 2008, pp. 1292-1297. 4S. Farrell, Portable Storage and Data Loss, Internet Computing, IEEE, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 90-93, 2008. 5R., Trope, C., Ray, The Real Realities of Cloud Computing Ethical Issues for Lawyers, Law Firms, and settle , Online, Available http//ftp.documation.com/references/ABA10a/PDfs/3_1.pdf , 2009, Accessed 15-Jul-2011. 6Karthick Ramachandran, Thomas Margoni and Mark Perry, Clarifying Privacy in the Clouds in CYBERLAWS 2011 The Second International Conference on Technical and Legal Aspects of the e- Society, IARIA,2011. 7S., Subashini, V. Kavitha. A stack on security issues in service delivery models of cloud computing. Journal of Network and Computer Applications , vol.34, pp.1-11, 2011.8 prune Micro, Making Virtual Machines Cloud-Ready, Online, Available http//www.whitestratus.com/docs/making-vms-cloud ready.pdf. A Trend Micro White Paper, 2009 Accessed 16-Jul-2011. 9J., Grimes, P., Jaeger, J., Lin, Weathering the Storm The Policy Implications of Cloud Computing Online,Availablehttp//ischools.org/images/iConferences/CloudAbstract13109F INAL.pdf , Accessed 19-Jul-2011. 10 B. Grobauer, T. Walloschek, and E. Stocker, Understanding Cloud Computing Vulnerabilities, Security Privacy, IEEE, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 50-57, 2011.11 A., Greenberg, Why Cloud Computing unavoidably More Chaos Online, Availablehttp//www.forbes.com/2009/07/30/cloud-computing- security-technology-cio-network-cloud-computing.html, 2009, Accessed 20-Jul-2011. 12 T. Schreiber, Session Riding a Widespread Vulnerability in Todays Web Applications Online, Available http//www.securenet.de/papers/Session_Riding.pdf, white paper, 2004. Accessed 20-Jul-2011. 13 G., Petri, Vendor Lock-in and Cloud computing, Online, Available http//cloudcomputing.sys-con.com/node/1465147 , 2010, Accessed 23-Jul-2011.

Structure, methodologies and approach towards employee satisfaction and motivation

Structure, methodologies and approach towards employee satis accompanimention and fateThe case examine traces all over Volkswagen, (South Africas) judicature overview highlighting the structure, methodologies and approach towards employee satisfaction and motivation. The entire backdrop of the case study is about Volkswagens internal organizational behaviour, attention practices and their in force(p) implementation. In this context, the denomination is focussed initially on the innovatory measures suggesting right commissioning to retain make waterforce allegiance and devotion towards an organization. Volkswagen is amongst the few organizations believed to pay off world class railroad cars, and stands out distinguish, thence the responsibility and related degree of expectations are high. Considering the competitive environment, todays employee is intelligent yet demanding and hence it has become to a greater extent complicated to meet their target expectations. The mana gement of VW (SA) is diligently diligent to resolve the issues pertaining to employees fiscal stability, professional progression, compensations and benefits, challenging and highly equipped surrounding. In extension to this the alliance has tremendously transformed its cultural determine. The introductory persona elaborates the management and organizational behaviour practices of VW (SA), leadressing the primary objectives, present position and future prospects determining particular polishs. Employee motivation is innate to keep progressive functioning of an organization. The intercede portion of the assignment is emphasized on the signifi squirtce of employee incitement and motivational procedures by discussing four substantial theories of workforce motivation and critical analysis of Volkswagen (SAs) initiatives towards employee motivation strategies. The later part concentrates on the importance of co-workers to amalgamate and function as a single unit. Team work intr oduces a healthy finish that values collaborative frets and the police squad firmly believes in thinking, planning, discussing, deciding and functioning together with cooperation. Team efforts with positive attitudes and correct path are inevitable to succeed. Critical word is based upon the apprehensionions and innovative ideas by which VW (SA) can ensure their team ups to produce efficient synergy and higher productivity.TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY1. Introduction 12. VW (SAs) Management organizational doings 12.1 Overview 12.2 VWs Behavioural Management go for 1(i) In Context of Behavioural Management Theories 22.3 VWs Organizational Environment Practice 2(i) In Context of Organizational Environment Theories 33. pauperization 33.1 Theories of Motivation 43.2 Analyzing VWs Employee Motivation Strategy 5(i) Structuring Remuneration Package and Benefits 5(ii) Stipulating Fundamental Equipment 6(iii) lead Training and Development 6(iv) Open Lines of Communication 7( v) Professional Content and grant 7(vi) Company Values 8(vii) serve salubrious Excellence goal 84. Definition of a Proficient Team 94.1 Team contribution to Enhance Productivity 9(i) Credence on the Leadership 9(ii) Solidarity of the Members 10(iv) Articulate Objective 10(v) Colloquial Ambiance Group connection 10(vi) profligacy Perplexity 10(vii) Constructive reflection 105. Methods to Ensure VWs (SA) Labour Efficiency 105.1 Appropriate Selection 115.2 Specifying Codes of take in 115.3 Establish certain Goals 115.4 Praise and Appreciation 115.5 Developing Sense of Direction 115.6 Building Team Spirit 115.7 Employee Empowerment 126. Conclusive Remarks 127. Bibliography 138. Appendices 14(i) Appendix A 14(ii) Appendix B 14(iii) Appendix C 15 foliate 11. INTRODUCTIONModern global world is comprised companies and enterprises having highly skilled, knowledgeable, sophisticated and decisive workforce, with dramatically increasing role. Organizations performance and productivi ty is directly influenced by the trueness and loyalty of its employees. Todays competitive professional atmosphere has compelled the attention of the organizations to apprehend the significance of employee retention and thereby constrained them to develop strategies tailored to fulfil employee satisfaction. The sustainability of an organization is subjected to the boilersuit periphery and circumstances which affect its growth and development. The exemplary employee oriented culture represents correct environment, challenges, mortalistic development, recognition and accurate motivating artifice. Reconciliation of effective drawing cardship and consistent workforce while applying the positive attitudes and correct mind set accounts for higher productivity of an organization.2. VW (SAs) MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR2.1 OverviewVolkswagen of South Africa was effected in 1946, and is owned subsidiary of VW Aktiengessellschaft (VWAG) in Germany, located in Uitenhage. VW group i s the worlds fourth-largest automobile producer, and the largest car producer in Europe, consisting eight brands and operates 44 manufacturing facilities found in 12 European and 6 other countries in the Americas, Asia and Africa. Being aware of its prestigious affirmation in the automotive industry, the organization is focused and carcassatically busy to heighten its profile. In vow to achieve the desired level of productivity, internal and external customer satisfaction and indemnification has to be prioritised. VWs brilliant strategy makers lead apprehended the situation and are unremittingly involved in developing policies for the inducement of employees to ensure their retention.2.2 VWs Behavioural Management PracticeEmployee positive or prejudicious interaction with its organization and its management is based on the level of satisfaction. An individual is motivated to work proficiently when given appropriatePage 2work environment with sufficient equipment. The behavi our at work is directly affected by the overall atmosphere, the relationship with co-workers, commercial enterprise conditions and requirements, the wages megabucks and professional stability. The management must habitually practice to evaluate and address constructively the needs and demands of its employees to gain satisfactory and amentiferous employee behaviour.(i) In Context of Behavioural Management Theories Behaviour analysis is the study of individual interaction with the environment and management of such(prenominal) behaviour is an substantive element characterised to produce direct effect on the gainfulness of an organization. The frustrating behaviour of an employee is a clear indication of the system failure as the general workers behaviour is the reflection of the management policies. skillful policies addressing employees needs including job security, peaceful atmosphere, stipulated necessary equipment, equality and professional progression is more likely to p roduce the breed of workforce inseparable for an ongoing productive organization. Mary Parkers behavioural management theory focuses on the fact that influential leadershiphip is the key to motivate employees and for that assessment of their job improvement capacity will benefit. A Hawthorne study highlights the importance of observing the frequency of behaviours and their outputs. An immediate feedback on performance with sufficient information for self correction is necessary to improve functioning. VWs approach towards team construction session is appreciable and is in correct direction. However, employees of today are not restricted to information instead willing to participate, share and discuss their own views and original ideas for implementation. The worker is aware of the strengths and weaknesses relevant to the job and is the sensation who has excessive knowledge and command over it and hence knows how to control and improve the task.2.3 VWs Organizational Environment PracticeWorkforce of an organization is essentially compelled to work within groups where behaviour of employees may vary fit in to the relevant circumstances, work conditions physical or mental state. Provided the situation the environment of an organization is rooted in the behaviour of its employees. Organizational environment must be friendly, abetive and constructive by allowing the management and the third estate employees to discuss and share their opinions.Page 3Progressive organizations are inclined towards building excellent work status and valued atmosphere for their workforce in order to attain desired results.(i) In Context of Organizational Environment Theories An organization is comprised of a group of people and resources brought together essentially for interaction and conscious coordination to catch a vernacular purpose or an objective. The survival of an exemplary environment is subjected to its equilibrium. There are several bear ones ongoing simultaneous ly within an organization and the major(ip) difficulty is with proposing any change of structure because once the structure is developed it deters to adapt to environmental changes. Understanding the disaccordence between formal and informal converse becomes a difficult task for leadership. The organizational environment theories underline the internal and external relationships external resources serve as inputs which are further processed into goods and operate resulting in finished outputs in the environment. An open system is usually interacts with the environment while the closed system is self centred and usually fails to be accepted. VWs management is consistently working to develop a culture of excellence where freedom of speech, informal interaction, and service quality meetings can be carried out as casual practices. The concept is commendable yet challenging. The contingency theory emphasizes that the management must be flexible to react to environmental changes. Mode rn and technological organizations have likelihood to convert the conventional procedures rapidly, so the management must adapt to change with positive attitudes. There can be mechanistic structured organization where management is concentrate at the top monitoring its employees and is stable, on the other hand organic structure of an organization is decentralized and reaching out to employees with a lesser control. Sound environment guarantees the motivated and efficient employees and leads to the higher productivity of the organization.3. MOTIVATIONThere could be a single or a set of reasons for human behaviour, act in certain activity for the desired outcomes, the ground for such activity is referred as Motivation. Every individual has needs and specific goals and human life is engaged in satisfying those needs and to acquire the desired goals. To attain the intelligence of fulfilment and feeling of achievement can be the prime motivating factors. Motivation refers to the ini tiation, direction, intensity and persistence ofPage 4human behaviour Geen, (1994). Human nature can be simple yet too complex at the same time. Understanding of human nature is a pre-requisite for effective employee motivation which accounts for higher productivity.Regimentation of aims, purpose and values amongst the staff, teams and organization is the most fundamental aspect of motivation. The split up the alignment and personalized association with organizational aims, the better the platform for motivation. Work organizations offer a degree of satisfaction for an individual which may include financial support, complaisant engagements, mental and physical challenges, self development, and sense of belonging and intellectual stimulation. It is said to believe that Best businesses have the best motivated workers. It has been observed that the overall productivity of an organization is increased with highly motivated employees in comparison to the organization with poorly moti vated workers.3.1 Theories of MotivationMotivation theories are the combination of needs, inducement, goals and reinforces. pick up Hierarchy hypothesis was put forth by Abraham Maslow, which is one of the most highly acclaimed and widely mentioned theories of motivation. He envisioned human needs according to a hierarchical structure of importance, from the lowest to highest, highlighting the five staple fibre physiological needs, sense of security, social drives, self esteem and need of self actualization. The management must pay huge amount of attention to the needs of employees and as the needs may vary from individual to individual, hence it is essential to implement an efficient system to evaluate employees necessities and furnish feasible solutions.Herzbergs two factor theories in accordance with Maslows theory, proposed an idea that certain factors such as challenging work, responsible position and sense of recognition may contribute as prime motivators but on the other ha nd certain factors including desired salary, fringe benefits and appropriate environment, if absent may result as de-motivators. According to his theory as multiple goals and benefits serve as precursor of motivation, probability of de-motivation arises when perks and privileges do not exist.Page 5Hawthorne experiments of Elton mayo focused on incentives, pay-cheques and financial satisfaction to be the primary motivation factor. People are motivated by pay and work conditions at higher level. Furthermore he believed that attitude of people at work are highly influenced by the groups and work environment. His theory concluded that human relations and the social needs of workers are important aspects of business management.Mc Rogers theory heavily emphasized on two basic descriptors of managements which he categorised in Theory X and Theory Y. The management which falls under Theory X is believed to have a negative approach towards the employees considering them untrustworthy and incapable. Theory Y addresses the kind of management having faith in their employees and thereby recognising their needs positively. He concluded that managers view of the human nature is based on a certain sort of assumptions and tends to mold their behaviour towards subordinates according to these assumptions. Numerous theories has been put forth addressing the benefits and moral value of an altruistic approach to treat colleagues and workforce as human organisms and respecting their arrogance in all its forms, developing a phenomenon to understand that people can never be forced to work, they will work positively only if they want to or otherwise if they are motivated. It has been observed that when an obvious likelihood is established between performance and reinforcement, it leads to and maintains high levels of motivation.3.2 Analysing VWs Employee Motivation StrategyVW is a German manufacturer of automobiles which is the third largest car producer of the world. The name by itself indicates the value for people as Volkswagen stands for peoples car in German, (more literally, folks wagon). Within the past few old age the intricacy and dynamics within and outside organisations have drastically altered. In this context, it has become prime concern of organisations to carry out future-oriented, active development which pursues an unsophisticated goal i.e., Stand out as a winner. The organization must propose additional benefits for employees, clients and stakeholders because only then will its culture, values and products be responded to with commitment and interest.(i) Structuring Remuneration Package and BenefitsVolkswagen approach towards pay and benefits is commendable as it involves market researchPage 6and salary surveys. There is a continuous effort behind structuring the salary packages and fringe benefits. However, there is an important aspect slightly ignored during the practice which is to involve the workforce by itself to comment on the re muneration structure thereby, visualising the basic needs and desires within the employees which in-turn will serve as a helping tool for developing effective payroll strategy by keeping in view of employees physiological needs as everyone desires to be financially secure. Payroll must be structured such that the income level of an individual salubrious addresses the living standard. Pay scale must be determined by analysing qualification, experience and skills of the employee and must be reviewed according to the efficiency level as reported by the relevant department. While rewarding high performers, average and below average performers might feel neglected hence it is essential not just to recognise the efforts by high performers but to issue certificate of participation and non-monetary rewards to the rest, recognising their contributions and to keep them within the string.(ii) Stipulating Fundamental EquipmentCeaseless review of the budget for essential materials and equipment is highly recommended. Necessary equipment is a pre-requisite as it enhances the work efficiency and performance level of employees thereby promoting professional satisfaction and rewarding appreciation. In absence of the necessitate material it is imbecilic to expect efficient service by the workforce. It is appreciative that essential equipment can be furnished in accordance to a specific budget but smart management plan keeps control of the equipment handling and propose for a budget review where necessary.(iii) Leadership Training and DevelopmentLeadership training is vigorous only when sensibly articulated into the corporate culture with its positive intents and values. Development of a leader is only focused upon an individual personal attributes, behaviour and approach whereas, leadership development is emphasized on the process unfolding interpersonal relationships, social influence process and team kinetics amongst leader and the team at the conjugation level. Volkswagens strong organizational structure do not require just managers but crave for smart leadership which is essential for workforce motivation and infusing energy in the team members. True leadership is what an ordinary employee will look up to, in order to comply with specialty and efficiency. A dynamic leader supportsPage 7trains and develops his personnel, while increasing job satisfaction and genuine interest to do the job, within his team. Trusted leaders are likely to produce splendid motivating spirits.To keep people motivated, you need to display dynamic leadership, and make they feel they are working with you and not for you. Corelli(iv) Open Lines of CommunicationEmployees feel confident and equally responsible when they believe they are trusted. It stimulates a sense of incitement within the employees, resulting in a lucky work environment. If a supervisor or team leader approaches the workplace with a positive, upbeat attitude about the work projects, that en soiasm should transfer to associates, thus creating a better work environment for all. Leaders and supervisors, who are serious about maintaining a productive work environment and motivating their staff to do their best, need to talk with the associates to find out what is important to them. For example, some associates may not appreciate public forms of recognition, while others will. Howell, (2000)(v) Professional Content and Indemnityhighly trained and seasoned employee is an asset to a company. Remnant of todays face paced work environment is the increasing rate of job churn or employees switching one job to another within short time frames. Employee turnover is costly, causing workforce instability, reduced efficiency, lower effectiveness, and negative impact of the company. There could be concoction of reasons in the background explaining the boredom, frustrated, discontented and least interested behaviour of the employees. Another important aspect is the lucrative job offers which tend to satisfy the needs and basic requirements but in some cases employees are looking for more than just compensation and rewards and are more inclined towards their visions and challenges. The underlying cause might differ due to the fact that humans act, think, behave and respond differently in accordance with the relevant circumstances, however, the issue remains unchanged. Volkswagen as one of the giants in the automobile business world is relentlessly involved in figuring out possible solutions to this emergence. In order to retain employees it is required to offer a package that satisfies financial, intellectual and the career aspirations of an individual.Page 8(vi) Company ValuesThe value of a company represents culture, shared beliefs, attitudes, institutions, and behaviour patterns that characterize the members of an organization. Values of a company rude(a)ly emphasize continuous improvement of processes, transformation into a healthy workplace, satisfied customers, and a gr owing, profitable business. The level of employees commitment to their work is closely united with the extent to which the company values are practiced. Ensure that the values of the company are strongly understood and equally treasured by the management and individual employee. Demonstrate professionalism, respect, integrity and duty as the core values of the company. According to a key quote of Harvard Business Review Companies that enjoy enduring victory have core values and a core purpose that remain fixed while their business strategies and practices endlessly adapt to a changing world.(vii) Service Excellence CultureVolkswagen is amongst the very few organization which thinks through, work diligently and proactively to create the culture that will allow the company to succeed long term. Culture is the distinctive personality of the organization which indicates its strength, by which it understands the needs of the workforce and affects the value created for the customers. Th erefore, organizations make effort to understand what motivates their workforce and give them what they need to perform well by providing them clear mandates, operating principles, resources, authority, knowledge, and tools so they can fulfil their responsibilities to bring out the best of their talents and recognize by rewarding them in ways they value. Volkswagen is among such high calibre companies demonstrating successful conceptual thinking and with the ability to see patterns among seemingly diverse phenomena and thereby strengthening their employees and motivating them with positive attitude. An effective organisational culture enables a two way process to occur where employees help to influence the direction of the corporate values system, through their individual beliefs and approaches they adopt. A service excellence culture is that which develops a sense of responsibility and achievement together within employees, recognising their contributions and considering themselves as an integral part of the overall reputation and success of the company.Motivation can either produce profitability to an organization or improve productivity if it isPage 9positive, on the other hand if employees are de motivated it is more likely to reduce profit margin and will hinder overall productivity. The core vision is to encompass human behaviours, needs, attitudes and demands, as machines can operate according to the desired level and mostly produce accurate results, but considering where human beings act as a major workforce it involves a thought process based on mutual understanding in between the management and the employees. It is highly recommended to understand associates yearn and necessities and fulfilling them to some degree and thereby motivating them to produce desired results in the best interest of the organization. The summation accounts for the fact that if appropriate motivation level is maintained within an organization, the management will gain produ ctive associates.4. DEFINITION OF A PROFICIENT TEAMA bunch of individuals possessing particular expertise, collectively working to attain a common purpose or goal by collaborating and consolidating their knowledge and actively participating in healthy discussions. The essence of a team work is togetherness and the success lies within its concrete leadership, which accounts for the productivity of an organization. It is well addressed that When you break down barriers, misunderstandings, prejudices, insecurities, divisions, territories and hierarchies you begin to build teams.4.1 Team Contribution to Enhance Productivity Firm belief in the reliability and trust upon the frankness of the members are the prerequisites of a productive team. The level of cooperation and understanding builds strong bondage between individuals. Every member of an efficient and productive team is open to support and encourage the co-workers for the completion of required task. Following are the characteri stics by which teams can contribute effectively in the success of an organization.(i) Credence on the Leadership It is essential that a high level of trust and confidence is present within the team members upon the leadership. True leader make sure that each individual of the team is equally supported, respected, privileged and heard. The amount of patience and credible efforts for keeping the team members within a string enhances acceptance and faith of the members which results in high performance.Page 10(ii) Solidarity of the Members Every team member must actively participate to explicitly discuss the team procedure and functioning to attain a common goal or a sole objective. The entire team tends to share mutually agreed approach, mechanics, norms, expectations and rules to follow. The unity of team pledge for its success.(iii) Articulate Objective The team must set clear and focused objectives and translate into well-defined concrete milestones against any measured obstacles. Larger goals and objectives are easily accessible followed by a habit of practicing a series of small wins.(iv) Colloquial Ambiance Group Participation Environment to function effectively as a team requires being informal, homely and comfortable enough for each member to open lines of communication with ease, but must remain pertinent to the purpose of the team. This encourages bringing about originative ideas and unique concepts and gives equal freedom of speech to all. Another important aspect is that the team members become easygoing with each other and believes that everybody is equally heard and respected.(v) Dissolving Perplexity Where there is freedom of speech confusions and disagreements are most likely to occur. Agile and intelligent teams welcome disagreements and complexities to test their brilliance and understanding. Reasons are carefully examined and a midway is figured out to resolve the issues. In case of an opposition to a general agreement, an apparent consensu s is practiced for a fair outcome.(vi) Constructive Criticism Healthy and positive criticism is highly appreciated as it provides pivotal grounds to review and evaluate critical decisions. Criticism must be capricious and benefaction oriented toward removing an obstacle that is hindering the way of a team to achieve goals.5. METHODS TO ENSURE VWs (S.A.) LABOUR EFFICIENCYIntellectual management serves as a catalyst to amplify work level and overall performance of the apprentice. Volkswagen approach towards reducing maximum doing from their teams is exceptionally good. However, there are multiple measures which can add value to the existing strategy of the organization to ensure high degree of performance and matchless effectuation.Page 115.1 Appropriate Selection While selecting a candidate it is ideal to analyse the qualities complementing the job nature. Selection must be based on the relevant skills, a blend of technical, problem solving and interpersonal skills account for effe ctive performance. A right set of people at the right place on the right time are the key for a successful team and productive organization.5.2 Specifying Codes of Conduct Identifying rules is necessary for developing focus, receptivity, commitment and trust. Rules must be well-defined and strictly governed without discriminating position and genders. The most crucial rules may pertain to attendance, behaviour, confidentiality, contributions, positive confrontation and end product orientation which must be set as a code of conduct.5.3 Establish Substantial Goals The basic starts from the fact that each and every team member has a task to achieve. It is necessary to make every individual believe that the team has substantive purposes and tasks and there is high level of expectation associated with their performance. There must be a sense of worth associated with the tasks apart from being easy or difficult. A strong team is build when every member knows that they are a vital part of a significant accomplishment.5.4 Praise and Appreciation This is a natural urge within human beings to be praised and rewarded upon successful completion of a project or a great accomplishment. Intelligent organizations never ignore this fact and develop strategies to encourage their workforce by appreciating their efforts.5.5 Developing Sense of Direction This is another important aspect of team building to develop sense of direction amongst the members. The team leader or the manager must efficiently distribute tasks and provide sufficient guidance by defining responsibilities and adopting clear direction towards the common goal.5.6 Building Team Spirit Assign performance oriented small tasks that will allow the subordinates to grow and take on additional responsibilities. The idea generated by such challenging but achievable goals is not limited to overall productivity but to evaluate thePage 12mobility of potential team. This will in return enhance the spirit of the team and b uild an effective bond of togetherness.5.7 Employee Empowerment A strategy which enables employees to decide for themselves is worth giving as it develops a sense of responsibility and helps them to take charge of their work and learn from their mistakes. It is a reliable process for enabling people to contribute effectively in the continuous improvement and ongoing success of the organization.6. CONCLUSIVE REMARKSPositive and reinforcement and correct motivational strategies are the compulsion of modern organization in which employees are wholly aware of their rights and understand the significance of their roles in the productivity and profitability of an organization. The growth level heightens when the structure of the organization is concrete and is based upon specific values and contemporary culture, where an employee is empowered and actively participating in the progression of the company. Volkswagen (South Africa) has successfully managed to develop a progressive atmospher e and the management has understood the need to focus on retaining employees loyalty and commitment. The efforts and strategies of the company towards maintain their internal environment is tailored with excellence and absolu

System Analysis and Design

System Analysis and DesignA life cycle present is a term which describes the touch on of the prep aredness through to the deployment of a new software on a carcass, covering items such as specification analysis and implementation/ test, to enable the developers to create the software, and to match that the dying user cast downs what they want.Waterf in all ModelThe waterfall model is a common rule use when designing and implementing new software. It was knowing to be a simple yet effective manner to enable developers and users design a software together. In the Waterfall model, individually level must be completed before you can move onto the next stage, which primarily makes it for small visualises where there are absolute requirements. At the end of each phase, there is a criticism which helpers the developers know that they are on track, whether to continue with the project and what steps to contain. Also, the testing element of this model can only take place afte r the growth is complete.See the below diagram which shows each step of the waterfall process The processes areRequirement Gathering and AnalysisSystem DesignImplementation testDeploymentMaintenanceImage Source (ISTQB, 2016)The first step of this method involves getting to know what the client wants give away of the system, and analyze them to see if it is realistic and achievable, to plan out how the software can be created. The second step involves designing the system to meet the postulate of the client. The third is implementing the software in a test purlieu for the fourth step which is testing the software. The fifth step is deploying the system to the client. After all of this has been completed, the software or system must be brinytained.AdvantagesOne of the primary(prenominal) advantages of the Waterfall model is that it is very easy to understand and follow due to the design of it. It has a very rigid design with each stage having its give birth deliverables and re view process.In this model, there are no overlaps in the stages import that everything is very clear and defined making it quite effective when used in the correct way.Because the Waterfall model has a very clear and defined structure it is very good for a project that has clear goals on what takes to be achieved and due to its structure, it is a great tool to use even if you are inexperienced.DisadvantagesThis model can only be used when the requirements of the project are clear, as each stage requires its own review stage and cannot move any further if goals are not set. There can be no ambiguous requirements in a project using this method.There are high amounts of risk and uncertainty due to a very rigid structure, no goals can be changed or reviewed after the originals commence been set.It cannot be used on projects which are ongoing because there is no way to change anything erst champion stage has been completed. This in any case style that there is little opportunity f or the node to review the product.(ISTQB, 2016)Structured Evolutionary Prototyping ModelThe Evolutionary Prototyping Model was designed as a software ontogeny model which incorporates the end user at almost every stage during the process. This is used so that consumers can digest their say on the product during the developmental stage of the software to know that the developers have created a product which meets their involve.There are four main stages to this model to follow, they are as followsThe identification process, which is used to get the basic requirements this software must achieve. It is designed in this way as many consumers may not know the absolute requirements of the software as it is generally a continuous project.The prototype phase in which the developers leading make a prototype or multiple prototypes of the product in order to get the basic requirements met.Verification of the prototype process in which the developers can use surveys and experimentation fo r the consumer. This stage is used so population can add their thoughts about the product and find out if there is anything that could be added or changed to make it better.The final stage is changing the prototype per the feedback that the consumer gave to the developers to meet the needfully of the client.This cycle leave then repeat until the customer is completely happy with their product and the development process is complete.AdvantagesOne of the main advantages to this methodology is that the user ends up with a more complete product due to their consistent input into the design process. Developers can learn from the consumer and vice versa.This also brings another benefit into play, meaning that any unexpected requirements or additions to the software can be added at developmental stage, resulting in a more accurate product too. It is a very flexible method.Another benefit is that you can see a constant progression throughout the development of the software, and custom ers can get under ones skin to see the benefits of using this software and being able to have constant input.DisadvantagesThe main disadvantage of this method is that the process may go on for a very long metre due to the repeatable feedback process.Many developers using this method may fully scrap the process and go for a code-and-fix development process, leading to a poor reputation, with this method being seen as quick and dirty.Because of the constant input from the customer, the focus can be taken away from how reparable the software is, mainly looking at the needs of the consumer.(Exforys, 2015)Rapid Application Model (RAD)The RAD model is used as an incremental development model, in which the all of the components of the software are developed in parallel and seen as mini-projects. These components will be scheduled, and delivered where it is squirrel awayd into a full software. This software can then be handed over to the consumer for feedback relating to the requirement s. See the below diagram for a visual explanation of these timeboxed componentsOf course, the number of components will vary for each software, however this gives a histrionics of the processes gnarly. There will be a specific set of police squads which will all be responsible for a specific area of the software. After this process is complete the components will be amalgamated into one complete prototype.Image Source (Find Nerd, 2015)There are four main steps involved in this model, and they are as followsRequirement Planning which is like the analysis stage within the waterfall model, however this plan incorporates a constant review of each element to ensure that the project will meet the users needs throughout the prototype stage.The design phase takes place after the initial needs have been get backd, where the developers aggroups will generate an initial prototype for review by the user. This prototype will then be refined as the process continues.The construction phase w here the developers will take the preferred prototypes of each section of the software and create a full functional program.The final stage takes place after the in-house testing and construction has finished and the client will be using and implementing the software as normal. The developers will be available for a set amount of time for corrective maintenance and to incorporate feedback.AdvantagesThe main advantage is the reduced development time due to the development being split into different aggroups and section which means the process is extremely efficient.Because the components are managed by their own team, and there is generally more than one version of each section, elements can be transferred, increasing the reusability.This method encourages customer feedback on each section which means that there are clear and defined goals as the project moves along and quick reviews often happen.DisadvantagesThis system is heavily reliant on a strong and experienced team to identif y new and existing requirements, meaning some projects may be delayed.This method only works on modelized systems and heavily relies on modeling skills.(ISTQB, 2015)(BBC, 2016)One of the main advantages of using lifecycle models is that you can firstly get a strong cerebration on what the consumer wants, and you to create a plan of attack on how you can achieve these. It enables you to plan and possibly create prototypes to create an efficient program for the consumer to. This ensures that the customer will be happy with the product that you have made, due to their consistent input within the development stage.In general, using a lifecycle model when evolution a software can reduce the development time of the software. This is because you have a rigid schedule which you can stick to, as well as clear goals and objectives through liaising with the customer which increases the efficiency at developmental stage. Many of these plans are made to be easy to read and to follow, meaning y ou know just what is happening at each stage of the process, further increasing the efficiency.Many plans allow you to review the product with the customer throughout the developmental stage meaning that you can remove areas of the software which do not meet the standard that the customer is after. You are also able to edit certain features to add functionality, or even design new elements that will help the consumer with their end goal.Some plans allow you to really structure the development process of the software which can help you decide who will be undertaking what task, i.e. valuateing strengths and putting teams together to reach your final goal. This also improves efficiency, as you could divide up the development into teams to reach the end goal much faster, and still create a great product.Lots of new life cycles allow you to visibly see the progress of the software, meaning the team stays motivated to complete the job due to clear and structures goals which work you thro ugh to the deployment and maintenance stages of the development. It also means that the consumer will see a energize stream of progress which will also backing them happy.Feasibility reports are made to examine a proposal, which allows a job or team to determine whether a project will be successful. For example, in an IT environment, you could discuss the lease of laptops using a plan rather than purchasing laptops outright. The below paragraphs discuss the components of a feasibility report and why each of them is included.ScopeThe first main stage of a feasibility report is the to identify the scope of the project. This means you will need to identify the issue that you will be addressing within the project. The scope must be clearly defined, as it may confuse the people involved in the project, and having unclear goals can be catastrophic to a project or job. The area that will be affected e.g. the IT department whether that be instantaneously or indirectly. The scope essent ially enables you to get an accurate study, because you have clear and defines goals.A Market AnalysisUndertaking a market analysis during a feasibility report can be critical. It allows you to examine environments like yours to assess the strengths and weaknesses of different orgasmes to implement the project. You will then be able to create a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) which were faced by other users to make your own decisions on how the project will be undertaken.Identifying RequirementsAs a part of your feasibility report, you should always analyze the requirements. These requirements will be based upon the technical requirements and the requirements of the organization. Identification of technical requirements will enable you to identify which technical resources/personnel you will need to complete said project. Meanwhile you should be considering what organization procedures and requirements that you must follow, whether that be related t o recommended vendors for equipment or any security laws or procedures with data protection. This is essential because it allows you to get an idea on how you will approach the project.The ApproachAfter the first three steps, you will then be able to get an idea on how the project will be completed, therefore allowing you to decide on the approach. You must find a happy medium and decide upon a recommended course of action, or a solution that incorporates the organizational requirements. You can discuss various approaches and select a solution that best fits the needs per the scope. It must always be 1) a practical solution and 2) meet the needs of everyone.EvaluationAfter the approach has been decided, you will then compile a short section which examines the cost strength of that approach, which can help you build an estimate of the total costs. You can cross reference previous approaches for comparison purposes. After you have completed this, you will compile the cost summary, wh ich will provide information on the return on investment and a cost to benefit analysis.The ReviewThe final step of a feasibility study is the review stage. This is where all the elements mentioned above will be analyzed in a formal review with either a team or business partners depending on the size of the project. It is used to firstly confirm that it is an accurate report and then decide on whether you go ahead with the project or not. At this stage, you may be asked to change some details, to engage the project or it may be full rejected. All parties involved in the review should all sign a document to agree to the project.(MWANZONI, 2016)In this section I will be discussing the touch of the criteria of feasibility reports (see above) and assess what impact they have on a systems investigation.Identifying the Scope ImpactsThe main impact that identifying the scope will have, is ensuring that the team undertaking the project as well as the business know exactly what the issue i s that they are trying to resolve. It will allow for a guided discussion on the realistic steps that you can take to complete this project, and analyze each one collated into the feasibility study. It will clearly define to everyone the goal they will be working towards on the project to keep everyone on the same page, and keeps everyone working towards a similar goal. It can also help the business and the team understand what areas could benefit from the new system and assess them against the current system for a full review.Undertaking a Market Analysis ImpactsTaking the time to understand and review different methods and approaches that other people in your position have taken can be an extremely important step in the process. It will allow you to analyze these methods side by side so you can get an idea on what approach could be best for you. You may also wish to amalgamate different approaches into one sophisticated one, which may help you to efficiently reach your goal. You are then able to have a discussion regarding these steps and decide as a team which would be best for the current situation based on skills and experience as well as requirements.Understanding Requirements ImpactsUnderstanding the requirements of both the team and the organization is arguably one of the most critical steps in the feasibility study. It will essentially allow you to get an idea of what will be possible and what wont. Basing it off the teams requirements will allow you to get an idea of who is capable to undertake which role, to see whether a certain approach will be possible or whether you must go back to the drawing board, or even scrap the idea totally. Understanding the organization requirements can help you to plan most any eventuality such as procedures regarding safety and even laws such as the data protection act. It can also influence you with the decision of the approach method.Selecting Your Approach ImpactsDeciding the approach of the project is the majo r step in moving onto the processes of the actual project. It allows you to weigh up all the different approaches comparing how you will meet the scope, the market needs and the needs of the business and personnel. It will allow you to have a guided discussion on each approach compared to the needs and which one will suit everyone the best whilst discussing all the previous points. It finally completes the research and discussion to prepare you for the assignment.Evaluation ImpactsAfter you have selected the approach that you will be following, you will then have to analyze how much the project will cost. It helps you to ensure that you are still in budget, and are meeting the needs of the business in that respect. It will allow you to contrast different approaches and their effectiveness compared to each of their costs to ensure you choose the most efficient method. It will also enable you to put together a final figure of costings to present to the business.Review ImpactsReviewi ng all your decisions regarding the project whilst presenting them to the business, will allow you to firstly ensure that all needs of the business have been met to ensure that everyone is happy with the solution to the original email. It will also allow you to get the go ahead from the business as to whether you can go ahead with the project, or whether you will need to make any changes to the original approach to ensure the solution is the most efficient possible.ReferencesBBC, 2016. BBC Bitesize. Online operable at http//www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zp3kd2p/revision/9Accessed 09 January 2017.Exforys, 2015. Exforys. Online Available at http//www.exforsys.com/career-center/project-management-life-cycle/the-evolutionary-prototyping-model.htmlAccessed 09 January 2017.Find Nerd, 2015. Find Nerd. Online Available at http//findnerd.s3.amazonaws.com/imagedata/4325/4325.jpgAccessed 09 January 2017.ISTQB, 2015. ISTQB. Online Available at http//istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-rad-mode l-advantages-disadvantages-and-when-to-use-it/Accessed 09 January 2017.ISTQB, 2016. ISTQB. Online Available at http//istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-waterfall-model-advantages-disadvantages-and-when-to-use-it/Accessed 09 January 2017.ISTQB, 2016. ISTQB. Online Available at http//istqbexamcertification.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Waterfall-model.jpgAccessed 09 January 2017.MWANZONI, 2016. LinkedIn. Online Available at https//www.linkedin.com/pulse/key-components-good-feasibility-study-mwanzoni-ltdAccessed 10 January 2017.

donepezil hydrochloride

donepezil hydrochlorideAbstract-This article describes the discovery processes of donepezil hydrochloride which is inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Cholinergic hypothesis and other studies proved that deterioration in cognitive sours in Alzheimer disease is due to deficit in cholinergic neurotransmission and goat to treat Alzheimer disease is to inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Position emission tomography (PET) study has shown that donepezil distributes in in every last(predicate) acetylcholineterase rich brain regions and binds to it. Structure activity relationship (SAR) and quantitative organize activity relationship (QSAR) has as well revealed that donepezil hydrochloride is gives optimum actylcholinesterase inhibition activity than its other analogues. more manners ar available for synthesis of donepezil hydrochloride with their merits and demerits.Keywords-Donepezil hydrochloride, Aricept, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, PET study, indanone derivatives.A bbrevations AD(Alzheimer disease), PET( carriage emission tomography), QSAR(quantitative structure activity relationship), Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor(AchEI),Aim To study several(predicate) processes involved in drug discovery of Donepezil hydrochloride.Objectives-The principal(prenominal) Objectives of this project argon given belowTo study overall literature review of donepezil hydrochloride .To discuss discovery process involved in discovery of donepezil hydrochloride such(prenominal) as laughingstock identification, target validation and lead optimizationIntroduction-Donepezil hydrochloride is the reversible acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitor having N- benzyl radicalpiperidine and indanone moiety in it (Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 2008). It is referred as E2020 in most of the pharmaceutical literatures. This is the second drug approved by U.S FDA for treatement mild and moderate Alzheimer disease (Stahl Stephen M et al, 2006). It is Patented and marketed in United states o f America, some European and Asian countries under the trade trope Aricept by Eisai.co.,Ltd (Stahl Stephen M et al, 2006) (Tripathi KD , 2006) (Dale Rang H et al, 2006).Drug Discovery of donepezil-The drug discovery process of donepezil involves various phases as followsTarget identificationTarget validation put out recognitionLead optimizationTarget identificationTarget identification of drug means molecular recognition of site to which it will bind. For many drugs target is protein molecules. Target identification needs information about pathophysiology of disease and identification of particular biochemical steps that leads to therapeutic intervention. Conventional stratergies of target identification argon chief(prenominal)ly based on pathphysiology of disease. But modernisticer stratergies of target of identification are based on proteonomics and genomics (Rang H PB et al, 2006). About 50-60% of Alzheimer disease patient are of over 65 year age (Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 2006 ). It is the neurodegenerative disorder with mean duration of 8.5 years between onset of action and death of patient (Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 2006). Symtoms of this disease includes rough and progressive impairement of cognitive functions. The most affected areas in the alzheimers disease are hippocampus and neocortex which are important for mental functions. Pathophysiology of disease consists of external deposits of gritty trumpeters and intracellular formation of neurofibrillary tangles leads to neuronal synapses loss (Francis Paul T et al, 1999)Beta amyloid is the main component of sensile plaque formed by proteolysis of amyloid precursor proteins. Tangles are abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau proteins and regulated by balance between multiple kinases and phosphates. Hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins carry out sequestration of normal tau and other microtubule associated protein leads to impairment of axonal transport. This tau becomes given to aggregation into insoluble fibril in tangles (Bartonili Manuala et al, 2003) (Andrisano Vincenza et al, 2003)According to cholinergic hypothesis, deterioration in cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease is due to degeneration of cholinergic neuron into forebrain and consequently decreased cholinergic neurotransmission in cerebral cortex and hippocampus (Francis Paul T et al 1999).Cholinergic neuron synthesizes acetylcholine, which is the acetic demigod ester of choline. Acetylcholine is synthesized from the acetic acid and choline with the help of cholineacetylase. After stimuli vesicles discharge acetylcholine at the nerve ending and binds to postsynaptic receptors. Acetylcholine is stored into the synaptic vesicles which are accumulated at the nerve endings, also prevents its hydrolysis. Acetylcholine is hydrolises by acetylcholinesterase into acetic acid and choline(Tripathi KD 2006). Thus in Alzheimer disease cholinergic neurotransmission under brass be enhanced by inhibiting preventing the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, choline precursor,acetylcholine release facilitators ,M1 and M3 agonists ,Nicotinic agonistics but all these drugs were not powerful to improve cognitive function in Alzheimer disease except cholinesterase inhibitors. Cholinesterase drugs have shown significant improvement in cognitive functions of Alzheimer disease. This has proved that cholinesterase inhibition is the main target to improve cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease (Sabbagha Marwan N et al, 2008) (Fisher Abraham et al, 2008).Target validation of donepezil-Target validation is the investigational approach by which potential drug target can be tested and given further reliability. Target validation is pharmaceutical approach in which influence of drug is observed. (Rang H PB et al, 2006). According to cholinergic and other studies acetylcholinesterase inhibition is the main target to improve imrove cogntitive functions in alzheimer disease patient. Okamaru Nobuyuki et al studied invivo binding of donepezil in the brain of alzheimer disease patient. They radiolabled donepezil as 11c-methoxy-donepezil for position emission tomography imaging. Evaluation of binding and distribution of donepezil performed on mild and moderate Alzheimer disease patients. Normal control crowd volunteers had neither cognitive function impairements nor cerebrovascular lesions on magnetic resonance. PET study carried out after three months of neuropsychological medical examination. Region of interest analysis was carried for validation of regional distrubution of donepezil. PET images demonstrated that high sight of 11C-donepezil distributed in all regions of brain like striatum, thalamus, striatum, and neocortex which are rich in acetylcholinesterase. Tissue time curves of c11 -donipezil shown initial rapid uptake of donepezil in brain followed by gradual clearance in both elderly normal and alzheimer disease patients. Specific distribution volume was calculated from region of interest by metaboli te corrected plasma time activity curve. Donezpezil shown linear regression on logan plot analysis in all brain region as shown in figure -1. (Okamura Nobuyuki et al, 2008) (Yanai Kazuhiko et al, 2003)Lead generation A lead immix is a new chemical entity that could potentialy developed into new drug by optimizing its valuable and minimizing side effect. High throught screening is mainly used for lead generation(Rang H P et al, 2006). Many drugs were raveled to improve the cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease like cholinergic agonist such as oxetremorine, choline precursor phosphatidylcholine but that were inffective. Numerous clinical trials carried out on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as physostigmine, this trial shown that this class of drug resulted in improvement of cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease patients. However these clinical trials also proved that physostigmine has poor brain Penetration and thereof less active (Muramoto,M et al, 1979). In 1981 summ ers et.al gave intravenous injection of tacrine to Alzheimer disease patients which were until that time used as antiseptic. These doses of tacrine shown measurable improvement in alzheimer symtoms but tacrine had shown many side effects such as hepatotoxicity( Farlow SI et al, 1992).Later then scientist focused on development of new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Research and development of donepezil started in 1983 in Eisai .co .Ltd. Kawakami et al started to develop nontoxic tacrine derivatives but they failed to develop such tacrine derivative. While random screening scientists observed that N-benzylpiperazine (compound-A) has moderate anticholinesterase activity which was previously being synthesized for antiarterial sclerosis(Kawakami Yoshiyuki et al 2000)). During subsequent screening Kawakami et al used benzylpiperazine as seed compound and synthesized around 700 derivatives. Succeeding this experiment, it was observed that increase in acetylcholinesterase activity by repl acing n-benzylpiperazine with N-benzylpiperidine moiety(compound-B). It was also order that slightly increase in activity by replacing ether group with amide group(compound-C) and removal of nitro group from benzamide moeity (compound-D) decreases activity. ((Kawakami Yoshiyuki et al 2000).From these results Kawakami et al synthesized benzsulfonyl derivative and found that it is a most potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor than benzpiperazine derivative. Benzsulfonyl derivarive showed very selective activity towards acetylcholinesterase but very poor bioavaibility. On the basis of this result they used benzoylsulfonyl derivative as lead compound. In next screening they replaced amide moiety with ketone moiety and maintained activity. Then Kawakami et al synthesized various indanone derivatives among them he found that donepezil has good acetylcholinesterase activity and bioavaibility(Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 1992). social system ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP OF DONEPEZILIndananone derivativ es were tested on rat for acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity according to method acting of Ellman et al. donepezil structure is divided into four rings as follows. break 1- Indanone ringPart 2 -linkage moeityPart 3- piperidine moeityPart4 -benzyl moietyModification at Indanone moeity If indanone moeity is replaced with -tetralone ,1-benzene suberone , 5,6 dimethoxy indene greately decreased activity ,while 25 fold increased activity by introducing methxy group at 5,6 position of indanone moeity .Carbonyl group is important for activity.Introduction of methoxy group at R3 position increase in activity by 20 fold .A methoxy group at R4 position increases activityby 10 fold . also slightly increase in activity on substitution to of methoxy group at para position in the benzoyl group moeity enhanced binding to the active site of acetylcholinesterase enzyme(Camps Pelayo et al, 2008).2) Modification at linkage moiety-Various bridging group between indanone and piperidine moeity were tested for cholinesterase activity. If both indanone and piperidine rings united directly then it dicreases activity .Increase in acivity with different bridging group in the following order prophylene methylenepenthylene ethylene butylenes. (Sugimoto Hachiro et al , 1990).(3)Modification at piperidine moeity-Activity is depend on location and no of nitrogen atom .Nitrogen atom at 1-position of benzpiperidine is important for activity since N atom at 4-position of benzpiperidine decreases activity .If piperidine ring is replaced with piperazine moeity .then it dicreases activity(Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 2008).4)Modification at benzyl moeity-3-position substituted benzyl derivative showed greater activity among -2,-3,-4, substituted reioisomers .If benzene ring is substituted with electron withdrawing nitrogen group and electron donating methyl group shows similar activity .Replacement of benzyl group with phenylethyl group and 2-napthyl group decreased activity(.Kawakami Yoshiyuki et al, 2000)( Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 1990).Lead development of donepezil Once lead compound is identified then it is optimized and characterized for different aspects such as QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship), SAR(structure activity relationship),synthesis method .Synthesis of donepezil If any compound shows optimum activity in above lead optimization processes then that compounds enter in further stage of lead optimization process. For physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic, pharmacokidynamic study of lead compound highly purified and large amount of drug is required. Therefore synthesis method for lead compound is important. Sugimoto and co-workers discovered method for synthesis of donezepil with an overall yield of 27.4%. This process involves synthesis of , substituted ketones(compound 11) from 1-indanone by aldol condensation. This unsaturation product is catalytically reduced by Palladium to compound (13) but this method needs subzero temperature (-78 %) and very toxic chemicals, such as n- butyl litium.( Tsuchiya Yutaka, 1992).Also many other method have been reported, which are too time consuming or not suitable for large scale production. Stephen discovered efficient synthesis method for donepezil and its analogue. This method involves hydrogenation of pyridine analogues ( compound 7) by using platinum oxide scheme 2, path A which is very expensive .If platinum oxide replace with less expensive 5% palladium blow then it synthesizes compound (8) and compound (11).(US patent 6252081). Chandrashekhar R et al developed economical and efficient method for donepezil synthesis (scheme 2, path ). In first step they condensed 5,6 dimethoxy -1-indan 1-one compound 2 with isonicotinaldehyde compound(3) by alteration in standard procedure .By this condensation they formed intermediate compound (6) with 95.8% yield. Afterward he carried out hydrogenation of pyridine ring by using palladium carbon then he observed two main impurities co mpound (9) and compound (10) due to competitive side reaction of carbonyl ring. In this method they not only maintained different reaction conditions like reaction time, hydrogen pressure, and different solvent but also hydrogenated compound (6) in methanol under hydrogen pressure with 90% yield and 98.5% purity. Final step of donepezil involves benzylation of compound (8). In benzylation nature of solvent and quality benzylbromide plays important role in arrogant dibenzyl product ( Elati Chandrashekar R et al, 2006).If acetone, dichloromethane, acetonitril, isopropylether and dichloromethane gives very poor yield.Conclusion-In conclusion donepezil hydrochloride is the novel and efficacious cholinesterase inhibitor than other acetylchlinesterase inhibitors. Cholinergic hypothesis shown that cholinergic degradation is the main reason for Alzheimer isease. By target validation it is also proved that donepezil bind to the acetyl cholinesterase and inhibits it. By the target validation it is also proved that donepezil inhibits cholinesterase mainly into the cortical and other areas where high concentration of cholinesterase is situated Is Donepezil has strongly proved cholinergic hypothesis and Also shown that cholineterse inhibition is the main target for treatement of alzimer disease than acetylcholine agonists and acetylcholine precursor. After different structure replacement and attachment to the lead compound of donepezil it is also proved that donepezil has good specificity and activity than other analogues .QSAR study of donepezil and its analogues also shown that donepezil is strongly binds to cholinesterase than other indanone derivatives. Sugimoto and their co workers also synthesized different pyridine and indanone derivatives they also got good efficacy of the results .For donepezil synthesis different methods have been developed all have some disadvantages and problems regarding hydrogenation step. But chandrashekhar elati et al method has overcome t his problems by modifying synthesis methods.Acknowledgement-I thanks to Dr Kevine Devine, Dr Annie Bligh, Dr Dhaya Perumal for their guidance to study drug discovery technology module and prepare project(Dissitation) on donepezil discovery processes.

Fuzzy Systems Essay -- Fuzzy Logic Artificial Intelligence AI

PrefaceThis article is written for an intended audience of undergraduate or graduate students, this article provides an introduction to, and an overview of what fuzzy systems are. Presented in this article is an citation of the contri onlyions that fuzzy systems are making to the Artificial Intelligence discipline, as well as examples of fuzzy systems which are in use today.AbstractThe concept and slaying of fuzzy systems is part of the natural course of evolution for human beings who are a part of a society where access to information is plentiful merely efficient utilization of massive amounts of information is power. To get at the information, we need systems which can understand what we need, rather than for us to understand what information we can carry for.This paper examines how fuzzy systems are not a new concept, but rather an old concept that is a natural part of the evolution of the human race. As society continues to evolve, the implementation and utilization of fuzzy systems will also continue to evolve.IntroductionUsing the following dictionary2 comments provided for the terms Fuzzy and Systems, Fuzzy is outlined as Not clearly worked out confused and Systems can be defined as A set of objects or phenomena grouped together for assortment or abridgment. A natural question would be, why do we want a confused system that groups together things for analysis?This is an abuse of the literal definition for fuzzy systems. Fuzzy systems can be more correctly defined as a set of objects or phenomena that have been grouped together in a fuzzy way. This type of grouping allows the computers to make judgments and considerations which are considered closer, in response, to the way that humans o... ...re information than previously thought possible and make analysis recommendations. Humans have a fascination for tools which make their lives easier, and fuzzy systems are such a tool. This allows humans more time to continue using the unitary thing that c omputers have yet to come us with, the human imagination.References 1. Edwin B. Dean, Fuzzy Systems from the Perspective of Competitive Advantage, NASA, May 28, 1997 2. The American Heritage Dictionary, Second College variant, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1985 3. James F. Brule, Fuzzy Systems - A Tutorial 4. Toshiro Terano, Kiyoji Asai, Michio Sugeno, Fuzzy Systems Theory and Its Applications, 1992, Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-685245-6 5. Isnt fuzzy logic an inherent contradiction?, April 15, 1993, Only two paragraphs, but contains a good example for the value of fuzzy logic.

Operating Systems Essays -- Essays Papers

Operating SystemsOperating SystemsAn operating(a) system is the program that manages entirely the application programs in a information processing system system. This besides includes managing the input and output devices, and assigning system resources. Operating systems evolved as the solution to the problems that were evident in former(a) ready reckoner systems, and accept with the changing computer systems. Three cycles are clear in the evolution of computers, the mainframe computers, minicomputers and microcomputers, and each of these stages influenced the development of operating systems. Now, advances in software system and hardware technologies contribute resulted in an increased demand for more sophisticated and powerful operating systems, with each new generation able to traverse and fare more labyrinthian tasks. The folowing report examines the development of operating systems, and how the changing tehcnology shaped the evolution of operating systems.First Gener ation Computers (1945?1955)In the middle?1940s enormous forges able-bodied of performing quantitative calculations were created. The machine consisted of vacuum tubes and plugboards, and programming was done purely in machine code. Programming languages were unheard of during the early part of the period, and each machine was specifically assembled to post out a particular calculation. These early computers had no need for an operating system and were operated directly from the operators console by a computer programmer, who had immediate association of the computers design. By the early 1950s punched cards were introduced, allowing programs to be written and read directly from the card, instead of using plugboards. Second Generation Computers (1955?1965)In the mid?1950s, the transistor was introduced, creating a more reliable computer. Computers were employ primarily for scientific and engineering calculations and were programmed mainly in FORTRAN and assembly language. As c omputers became more reliable they also became more commerce orientated, although they were still very large and expensive. Because of the expenditure, the productiveness of the system had to be magnified as to ensure cost effectiveness. Job scheduling and the hiring of computer operators, ensured that the computer was apply effectively and crucial time was not wasted. Loading the compliers was a time consuming process as each complier was k... ...or personal computers. modernistic Operating SystemsThe yesteryear 9 years have seen many advances in computers and their operating systems. Processors continue to increase in speed, each requiring an operating system to handle the new developments. Microsoft federation has dominated the IBM compatible world, Windows being the standard operating system for majority of personal computers. Now as computing and information technology becomes more towards the profit and virtual computing, so too must the operating systems. In 1992, Micr osoft for Workgroups 3.1 was introduced, extending on from the previous strains. It allowed the sending of electronic mail, and provided advanced networking capabilities to be used as a client on an existing local area network. This was only the one stage in the vast evolution of the worlds just about usual operating system, with the most recent being Windows NT and Windows 98, the latter being a fully Internet integrated operating system. Windows, however is not the only operating system in use today. Others such as UNIX, Apple Operating System and OS/Warp have also had an impact, each new version more advanced, and more user friendly then the last. Operating Systems Essays -- Essays PapersOperating SystemsOperating SystemsAn operating system is the program that manages all the application programs in a computer system. This also includes managing the input and output devices, and assigning system resources. Operating systems evolved as the solution to the proble ms that were evident in early computer systems, and coincide with the changing computer systems. Three cycles are clear in the evolution of computers, the mainframe computers, minicomputers and microcomputers, and each of these stages influenced the development of operating systems. Now, advances in software and hardware technologies have resulted in an increased demand for more sophisticated and powerful operating systems, with each new generation able to handle and perform more complex tasks. The folowing report examines the development of operating systems, and how the changing tehcnology shaped the evolution of operating systems.First Generation Computers (1945?1955)In the mid?1940s enormous machines capable of performing numerical calculations were created. The machine consisted of vacuum tubes and plugboards, and programming was done purely in machine code. Programming languages were unheard of during the early part of the period, and each machine was specifically assembled to carry out a particular calculation. These early computers had no need for an operating system and were operated directly from the operators console by a computer programmer, who had immediate knowledge of the computers design. By the early 1950s punched cards were introduced, allowing programs to be written and read directly from the card, instead of using plugboards. Second Generation Computers (1955?1965)In the mid?1950s, the transistor was introduced, creating a more reliable computer. Computers were used primarily for scientific and engineering calculations and were programmed mainly in FORTRAN and assembly language. As computers became more reliable they also became more business orientated, although they were still very large and expensive. Because of the expenditure, the productiveness of the system had to be magnified as to ensure cost effectiveness. Job scheduling and the hiring of computer operators, ensured that the computer was used effectively and crucial time was not wasted. Loading the compliers was a time consuming process as each complier was k... ...or personal computers. Modern Operating SystemsThe past 9 years have seen many advances in computers and their operating systems. Processors continue to increase in speed, each requiring an operating system to handle the new developments. Microsoft Corporation has dominated the IBM compatible world, Windows being the standard operating system for majority of personal computers. Now as computing and information technology becomes more towards the Internet and virtual computing, so too must the operating systems. In 1992, Microsoft for Workgroups 3.1 was introduced, extending on from the previous versions. It allowed the sending of electronic mail, and provided advanced networking capabilities to be used as a client on an existing local area network. This was only the one stage in the vast evolution of the worlds most popular operating system, with the most recent being Windows NT and Windows 98, the latter being a fully Internet integrated operating system. Windows, however is not the only operating system in use today. Others such as UNIX, Apple Operating System and OS/Warp have also had an impact, each new version more advanced, and more user friendly then the last.